The release of microplastics into the ecosystem with wastewater treatment facilities is a growing problem across the world. Wastewater treatment Plants (WWTPs) discharge microplastics in terrestrial and aquatic systems, mostly from the fabric, laundry, and cosmetics sectors. Despite substantial studies on microplastics (MPs) in the natural environment, removal tactics, and WWTP management plans that emphasize their environmental impact, not much is understood concerning MPs’ destiny and behavior during diverse treatment procedures. MPs are affected by treatment methods in varied ways due to their variable physical and chemical properties, resulting in differential removal efficacy. MPs recovered from WWTPs can build in soil and affect ecosystems on land. Few researches have looked at the cost, energy consumption, and alternatives of large-scale microplastic cleanup using contemporary treatment technologies. To protect aquatic and terrestrial environments from microplastic pollution, targeted and cost-effective management strategies must close knowledge gaps. This chapter summarizes recent advances in microplastic removal methods and their efficiencies. Classical treatment method, electrocoagulation method, magnetic extraction, biological process, membrane filtration, pulse clarification, and metal organic frameworks are discussed for microplastic removal. To minimize MPs, alternatives to plastics and severe limitations, such as microplastic waste conversion, should be addressed. MPs should also be managed by policy implementation and awareness. © The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd. 2025.
