Lignocellulosic biomass is the richest regenerative resource in nature. Especially in the context of continuous consumption of fossil energy and environmental pollution, it is urgent to use lignocellulosic biomass to prepare clean energy such as biofuels. But lignocellulose has a strong natural barrier against degradation, which needs to be pre-treated by physical, chemical and microbial means and then converted into biofuels and other high value-added products at lower cost and higher efficiency. This chapter mainly describes the pretreatment techniques of lignocellulose in recent years, including traditional physical methods, chemical methods and biological methods. And the mechanism of each pretreatment method is briefly introduced, and its advantages and disadvantages are analysed and summarized. At the same time, the economic feasibility and influencing factors of these technologies are discussed and analysed. Finally, the development and application of lignocellulosic pretreatment technology are prospected and suggested, aiming at providing some reference for the more efficient development and utilization of cellulose. © 2025 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
